Ao som de Ali Primera

Sylvia Colombo

Em 2007, numa visita à Venezuela, escutei o tempo todo as músicas de Ali Primera, espécie de Mercedes Sosa venezuelano, transformado em trilha sonora da “revolução bolivariana”. Na época, fiz uma matéria para o caderno Mundo, que reproduzo abaixo, contando a história desse músico popular e de sua apropriação pelo chavismo. Hoje, pelo que leio na internet, as canções de Ali Primera estão sendo cantadas nas ruas de Caracas, no funeral de Hugo Chávez.

São Paulo, domingo, 18 de novembro de 2007

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Cantor de protesto dos 70 vira hit bolivarianoPropaganda do governo Chávez resgata Alí Primera e usa canções em comícios

Febre se espalha em vídeos pela internet; nas mãos de presidente venezuelano, letras embalam campanha pelo “sim” no referendo

SYLVIA COLOMBO
DA REPORTAGEM LOCAL

Em 2005, Hugo Chávez transformou a voz de Alí Primera (1942-1985) em Patrimônio Nacional da Venezuela. Foi o primeiro passo para tornar as músicas de protesto do cantor, que haviam feito sucesso nos anos 70, a trilha sonora oficial das manifestações chavistas.
Já em maio deste ano, Primera entrou de vez nos lares venezuelanos. Suas canções passaram a embalar programas pró-governo da Tves (Televisora Venezuelana Estatal), emissora que substituiu a oposicionista RCTV, obrigada a sair do ar quando sua concessão não foi renovada por Chávez.
A tentativa do presidente de transformar Primera numa espécie de Victor Jara de sua revolução bolivariana já pode ser considerada um sucesso.
Um passeio pelo YouTube ou pelo MySpace mostra como as músicas do cantor ganharam nova vida por meio de videoclipes e montagens divertidas jogadas na rede. Elas mesclam cenas de manifestações de rua, cartazes de propaganda e retratos tirados durante shows, comícios e entrevistas.
Porém, diferentemente do cantor chileno, morto pelo regime Pinochet logo depois do golpe de 1973, Primera teve uma relação menos difícil com as autoridades de seu país.
Apesar de ter sofrido censura a ponto de ser obrigado a abrir um selo próprio para gravar seus 13 discos, Primera pôde viajar pelo continente, e sua morte não foi fruto de perseguição política, mas sim de um acidente de carro numa estrada perto de Caracas, em 1985.
Ainda assim, Chávez vem tratando o artista como mártir e uma espécie de visionário da revolução que ele hoje encabeça. “Essa pátria que Alí Primera cantou e com que sonhou é a que está começando a decolar”, tem repetido publicamente.
Em comício no último dia 4, Chávez entoou uma de suas canções para pedir votos pelo “sim” para sua proposta de reforma constitucional -que será votada em 2 de dezembro.
Em pé de guerra com o cardeal Jorge Urosa Sabino, que se manifestou contra a mudança, o presidente citou Primera para pedir um rechaço da população às opiniões do religioso. “Razão tinha Alí Primera, que dizia que o povo deveria buscar os padres das paróquias, e não os cardeais. Deus está contente com a revolução. Os padres que estão perto do povo é que são os verdadeiros cristãos”, bradou.
Nas ruas, o rosto de Primera pode ser visto em cartazes e bandeiras, enquanto suas músicas reverberam nos sistemas de som das aglomerações chavistas -para desespero dos “esquálidos” (apelido que Chávez cunhou para designar os oposicionistas).

Movimento estudantil
Nascido no interior do país, Primera passou a infância na pobreza. Em Caracas, estudou química na mesma universidade em que, no começo dos anos 60, começou a entoar seus primeiros hinos políticos (confira algumas letras ao lado).
Depois de vencer um festival de música de protesto, em 1968, o Partido Comunista do país patrocinou sua ida à Europa, onde lançou os primeiros LPs. Na volta, passou a fazer shows em sindicatos, fábricas e escolas e a trabalhar na campanha eleitoral de José Vicente Rangel, pelo Movimento ao Socialismo (MAS), em 1973. Rangel foi vice-presidente de Chávez de 1999 até o ano passado.
A historiadora Tânia Garcia, da Unesp/Franca, que pesquisa a canção popular na América Latina, considera o uso que Chávez faz da obra de Primera algo fora de contexto.
“A figura do cantor, do modo como está sendo recuperada pela propaganda chavista, está absolutamente deslocada no tempo”, disse, em entrevista à Folha. “Chávez corta e cola, apropria-se de um símbolo pertencente a uma realidade distinta e depois o reinventa.”
Para ela, há um descompasso entre a realidade latino-americana e o tipo de canção de protesto que Chávez quer reviver. “O mundo do teatro, cinema e música esteve plenamente integrado às transformações políticas dos anos 60 e 70. Ser artista naquela época significava ter um posicionamento com relação às ideologias de direita e de esquerda.”
Garcia dá como exemplo o movimento da Nova Canção, que se desenvolveu no Chile, Argentina, Uruguai e Brasil no período. A idéia era buscar na tradição folclórica popular elementos musicais que ajudassem a veicular mensagens políticas revolucionárias, então usadas como expressão contra a repressão militar.
“No caso do Chile, caberia mesmo a pergunta. Quem veio primeiro? Allende ou Victor Jara? Diferentemente do caso da Venezuela, a Nova Canção chilena surgiu e se desenvolveu no mesmo contexto que levou a formação da Unidade Popular e Allende ao poder. Ou seja, ambos foram respostas às demandas sociais e políticas do período. Daí terem sentido bastante distinto desta apropriação que Chávez faz de Primera.”

 

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