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Literatura para entender o Equador

Sylvia Colombo

“Cuando la noche cubrió la tierra, Andrés Chiliquinga se levantó de su rincón donde había esperado junto a su mujer la alcahuetería de las tinieblas para deslizarse como una sombra en busca de algo que… De algo… Aquella noche tenía un plan _un plan que quedó prendido en la porfía de todos los indios que enterraron la mortecina de la res. Un plan que murmuró al oído de Cunshi, muy bajito para que no lo oigan ni el guagua ni el perro y quieran seguirle.”

Andrés Chiliquinga é o protagonista do romance “Huasipungo”, a obra máxima das letras equatorianas. No trecho acima, o indígena está planejando uma ação radical. Quer desenterrar um boi morto para dar de comer à sua família, correndo todos os riscos de ser pego e de sofrer as consequências de ingerir carne estragada (sua mulher, de fato, morre depois em consequência disso). Lançada em 1934, “Huasipungo” é uma novela indigenista, escrita pelo autor Jorge Icaza (1906-1978) e foi a responsável por projetar ao mundo o drama social que viviam os indígenas do Equador, desde os tempos da Colônia.

“Huasipungo” (“huasi”: casa, “pungo”: terra) era o nome que se dava às habitações em que viviam os indígenas nas grandes propriedades onde trabalhavam. Por ela, tinham que pagar com muito suor e estavam passíveis de ameaças e de morte se não correspondessem. O livro conta a história de um indígena que vivia nas terras de um senhor endividado e desonrado, que resolve vingar-se maltratando os que para ele trabalhavam.

Icaza, membro de uma geração que jogou luz nos conflitos de classe equatorianos, dizia-se um “antilatifundista”. Mas o fato de a obra ser extremamente engajada não faz com que perca do ponto de vista literário. As imagens do interior do Equador são ricamente descritas e há um exercício narrativo de tentar emular o modo de falar da população mais pobre. Um glossário de quéchua costuma vir como adendo no final das edições.

“Huasipungo” traz muito que pensar sobre o Equador dos dias de hoje, em que essa população sofrida continua sendo uma realidade, mas que passou a integrar um novo projeto nos últimos anos. O presidente Rafael Correa, que tenta a reeleição hoje, a reivindica como esforço de denúncia e transformação de uma realidade. O romance passou a ser uma leitura obrigatória para entender o Equador dos dias de hoje.

Icaza, em si, era um personagem muito interessante. Alguns de seus discursos vigorosos estão no Youtube, e ele acompanhou o livro em sua projeção internacional _traduzido a 40 idiomas_ levando a mensagem na qual acreditava.

No Brasil, é uma obra que passou batida, a não ser para especialistas ou interessados no assunto e no país. A Paz & Terra, numa saudosa coleção de livros latino-americanos que possuía (e que lançou o paraguaio Augusto Roa Bastos, o venezuelano Arturo Uslar Pietri e outros) lançou uma tradução de “Huasipungo”. O livro, porém, está fora de catálogo e esgotado há tempos. Ninguém se interessou em republicá-lo. Uma pena.

 

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