40 anos de golpe no Chile
O Chile começa as preparações para lembrar os 40 anos do golpe militar que terminou com o governo do socialista Salvador Allende, em 11 de setembro de 1973, e que deu início a uma das mais cruéis ditaduras do continente. O general Augusto Pinochet governou o país entre 1973 e 1990. Em seu regime teriam desaparecido mais de 3 mil pessoas, segundo estimativas de entidades de direitos humanos.
Diferentemente da Argentina e do Brasil, não há, no Chile, um consenso disseminado de que a ditadura tenha sido algo ruim. Enquanto a Argentina realiza julgamentos em massa de militares envolvidos e praticamente não há quem defenda os generais sem ser visto como um fascista que merece ser linchado em praça pública, no Chile os defensores do pinochetismo não têm vergonha de assumi-lo. Mais, ainda representam forças políticas importantes e com influência nas decisões políticas.
Esse dado torna as celebrações em torno da memória do golpe um tanto delicadas. Mas algumas iniciativas já começaram, e com um tom adequado de condenação às atrocidades do regime, sem concessões ou desculpas a seus responsáveis, mas respeitando as explicações sobre o contexto do país.
Uma delas é a boa exposição “Fragmentos/Memórias/Imágenes. A 40 Anos do Golpe”, em cartaz no Museo de la Memória, em Santiago. A própria instalação do museu é bastante impressionante. Localizado numa área movimentada da cidade, ele é especialmente, e até de forma angustiante, silencioso. Isso porque edificado numa grande área vazia, deixando vários espaços, ao lado, e abaixo, onde há uma rampa que dá para um grande pátio atrás do museu. Nessa rampa, está a declaração de direitos humanos.
A mostra reúne o trabalho de jornalistas e fotógrafos chilenos e estrangeiros que saíram às ruas nos dias prévios e posteriores ao ataque ao palácio de la Moneda. Predominam fotos da repressão, soldados batendo em militantes, das manifestações pró e contra Allende, e dos militares prontos a entrarem em ação. Allende aparece nos cartazes de apoio, em imagens e saudações. Os protagonistas são os populares e os instrumentos da repressão, não os grandes personagens. As fotos estão numa das galerias que ligam o museu à estação de metrô Quinta Normal, numa área de fácil acesso e rápida visitação. Sua montagem é ágil e acessível. Outras quatro mostras serão apresentadas até setembro, relembrando a data.
Coincidentemente, nesse ano tão importante para a memória chilena dos anos da repressão, o país terá um representante no Oscar de melhor filme estrangeiro que trata essa temática. Trata-se do filme “No”, de Pablo Larraín.
Diferentemente de outros filmes chilenos sobre a ditadura, como “Machuca” (Andrés Wood), “No” não é um filme que apela para as emoções. Sua estrutura é mais focada em expor, explicar e tentar entender as estratégias usadas pelo grupo de idealizadores da campanha do “não”, no plebiscito que acabou colocando o ponto final na ditadura. “No”, que está em cartaz também em São Paulo, é estrelado pelo mexicano Gael García Bernal, que encarna o publicitário Renée Saavedra. Realizado em outubro de 1988, o plebiscito teve resultado apertado, com 44,01% para o “sim” (que significaria a continuação de Pinochet no poder) e 55,99% para o “não”. Larraín, que tinha 12 anos na época, logra transmitir o ambiente claustrofóbico e tenso que vivia a sociedade então, ao mesmo tempo que monta um interessante ensaio sobre a estratégia de marketing usada pelos vencedores.
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