Apagando Ernesto Sabato

Sylvia Colombo

A Argentina foi vanguarda no julgamento dos repressores da ditadura dos anos 70 e por isso merece ser amplamente aplaudida. Assim que o regime militar terminou, em 1983, começaram as movimentações que levaram ao tribunal as juntas responsáveis pela repressão, tortura e morte de cerca de 30 mil pessoas, segundo estimativas de entidades de direitos humanos.

Hoje, já foram realizados mais de 700 julgamentos e estão presos os mais importantes personagens relacionados ao caso. O principal exemplo é o do general Jorge Rafael Videla, que aos 86 anos cumpre pena de prisão perpétua num cárcere comum.

 

O documento que tornou possível todo esse processo, porém, está no eixo de uma polêmica. Trata-se do relatório “Nunca Mais”, que trazia a lista dos cerca de 8 mil casos de desaparecidos levantados pela Conadep (Comissão Nacional sobre a Desaparição de Pessoas). O prólogo do informe era assinado pelo escritor Ernesto Sabato, morto em 2011. Nele, o autor de “Sobre Heróis e Tumbas” contextualizava a violência do período e defendia a chamada “teoria dos dois demônios”, segundo a qual teria havido uma guerra civil na Argentina. Apareciam como responsáveis pela violência não apenas o Estado repressor, mas também os montoneros e militantes de esquerda que promoveram atos criminosos contra a sociedade.

Essa interpretação não agrada em nada o atual governo. Segundo o relato kirchnerista dos anos 70, a ditadura foi uma guerra entre bons e maus em que as vítimas eram heróis imaculados. Obviamente, tem razão ao reforçar que é muito mais sério e indesculpável que o Estado exerça o terror a partir de seus próprios meios e mobilize as Forças Armadas contra a população. Trata-se de um crime injustificado e que atenta contra a humanidade. Por outro lado, não parece correto omitir que os montoneros não eram violentos. A Argentina da época do golpe era conturbada, com bombas e tiroteios provocados pela guerrilha que resultaram, entre outras coisas, em mortes de civis.

Pois a Secretaria de Direitos Humanos tem uma visão parcial do que ocorreu, e divulga certa narrativa da história de forma a reforçar os horrores do Estado e esconder os crimes da guerrilha. Para o governo, a “teoria dos dois demônios” não é conveniente. Os kirchneristas gostam de referir-se aos derrotados dos anos 70 como heróis dos quais eles são agora os herdeiros diretos. Por tanto esses heróis devem ser retratados de forma romântica e positiva.

A primeira tentativa de apagar Sábato e sua interpretação dos fatos se deu em 2006, quando saiu uma nova edição do “Nunca Mais”, com algumas diferenças. Primeiro, a lista de desaparecidos foi aumentada. Não incluia apenas os mortos pela ação direta da repressão como também vítimas de tiroteios e outras situações de violência. É famoso o caso de Alicia Camp, que em 1972 morreu enquanto montava uma bomba que explodiu por acidente. Seu nome foi incluído na lista de vítimas da ditadura. O documento permitiu que mais gente se apresentasse como candidato a receber as altas indenizações distribuídas pelo Estado.

Depois, tratou-se de “esconder” o prólogo de Sábato. Ele seguiu na edição, mas ficou para um segundo plano. O prólogo principal passou a ser um texto da própria Secretaria de Direitos Humanos, com uma interpretação bastante kirchnerista da violência. Agora, sai uma nova edição que omite a assinatura de Sábato.

A comunidade de defesa dos direitos humanos e a dos escritores se levantou contra a arbitrariedade. Em um artigo no jornal “La Nación” (“Roubar os Mortos”), Magdalena Ruiz Guiñazú, jornalista e integrante da Conadep revoltou-se, lembrando o ato de coragem que foi assinar o texto: “Suprimir desse processo o nome de Ernesto Sabato é simplesmente roubar-lhe uma tarefa assumida com enorme responsabilidade em anos em que as Forças Armadas tinham ainda um grande poder (recordemos os golpes da Semana Santa, Villa Martelli, La Tablada, etc).”

Já Graciela Fernández Meijide, também integrante da Conadep e que perdeu um filho na repressão, afirmou: “Desconhecer uma pessoa como Sabato, que aguentou pressões, que nos deu coragem, é um absurdo”, diz.

Para o jornalista Ceferino Reato, autor de “Operação Primícia”, o debate é incômodo para os grandes meios, “porque os faz ver que foram omissos e que estavam do lado da ditadura durante o período”. Reato reforça que o governo está sendo bastante pragmático e direto, por um lado, tem a intenção de facilitar o acesso a grandes montos de indenização a mais gente para ampliar o apoio que tem dos setores de direitos humanos, por outro, reforçar a ideia de que são “herdeiros de heróis, que perderam nos anos 70, mas estão ganhando agora”.

A Secretaria de Direitos Humanos tem grandes méritos ao impulsionar a busca pela verdade e pelos julgamentos dos repressores. Porém, sua atuação é parcial e incompleta. Não contempla todas as vítimas da violência de Estado ao, por exemplo, não considerar os crimes da Triple A (força paraestatal comandada pelo peronismo) e ao não ser transparente em sua política de indenizações.

A “teoria dos dois demônios” é incômoda e indigesta, mas foi proposta por um intelectual valente que tinha muita clareza sobre o que estava acontecendo no calor dos acontecimentos, o que não é algo comum. Polêmica, discutível, tudo isso é verdade. Mas apagar Sabato definitivamente não é a saída. Melhor seria submeter suas ideias a uma cobertura e um debate mais crítico, menos ideologizado, mais plural e menos baseado em sentimentos de vingança. A memória argentina, com tudo isso, ganharia muito, e certamente haveria mais paz no ambiente de cisões estabelecido na sociedade hoje.

 

 

 

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