Crônica de um massacre
Será lançado amanhã, quinta-feira, dia 17, o livro do historiador da USP e meu colega Gabriel Passetti. “Indígenas e Criollos – Política, Guerra e Traição nas Lutas no Sul da Argentina (1852-1885)” sai pela Alameda editorial e a festa será na livraria Ponto do Livro (r. Alves Guimarães, 1.322, Pinheiros, São Paulo), a partir das 19h.
O trabalho é a tese de mestrado de Passetti e conta com pesquisa inédita realizada em arquivos argentinos, da capital e das províncias do Sul. O foco do texto é a chamada Campanha do Deserto, capítulo sangrento da história do país vizinho que ainda merece muita revisão, reflexão e análise.
A Campanha do Deserto foi uma operação armada pelo governo argentino no século 19 que enviou o Exército para o sul do país com a finalidade de “civilizar” a região, onde viviam comunidades indígenas resistentes a abandonar suas culturas, seus modos de vida e, especialmente, suas terras.
O processo terminou numa matança generalizada, as estimativas do número de mortos variam entre 20 mil e 90 mil pessoas.
No livro, Passetti dialoga com a tradição historiográfica sobre o tema, de livros como o clássico “Una Excursión a los Indios Ranqueles”, de Lucio V. Mansilla, mas também com uma produção contemporânea, de autores como David Viñas e Raúl Mandrini.
O objetivo foi mostrar os diferentes estágios desse episódio e fugir dos maniqueísmos. Segundo Passetti, “os indígenas conviveram, negociaram, comercializaram e lutaram ao lado dos criollos contra outros criollos, depois foram transformados em inimigos e exterminados”.
A fronteira aparece como algo dinâmico em que negociações políticas, a paz e a guerra sangrenta surgiam e estavam relacionadas a distintas formas de vínculo e de troca cultural e social.
Tem destaque a construção da “obsessão civilizatória” dos brancos, e os índios aparecem não como bárbaros violentos nem como vítimas passivas, mas como agentes políticos que foram brutalmente eliminados num processo de incorporação de 15 mil léguas quadradas de terra ao território nacional argentino.
O livro narra a história a partir de 1852, com a adesão do cacique Manuel Baigorria, com os índios ranquel, às tropas do general Urquiza, que derrubou o tirano Juan Manuel de Rosas, até a rendição do último cacique livre, Saygueque, em 1885.
Passetti defende que a Campanha do Deserto pode ser comparada com a conquista do Oeste norte-americana e com a guerra aos botocudos do Vale do Rio Doce, autorizada por D. João 6o. em 1808.
Para entender os embates da Argentina contemporânea, é preciso olhar para trás e compreender os conflitos que estavam na raiz da construção dos projetos nacionais do século 19.
O livro de Passetti fornece elementos para um debate que começou há muito tempo, com as telas do uruguaio Juan Manuel Blanes (1830-1901) e o clássico “Martín Fierro” (1872), de José Hernández.
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