Apoio ao juiz Garzón

Sylvia Colombo

 Hoje saiu no caderno Mundo uma reportagem que fiz na Espanha sobre a condenação do juiz Baltasar Garzón.

 Expulso da carreira em fevereiro último, o homem que levou à prisão o repressor argentino Adolfo Scilingo, um dos responsáveis pelos chamados “voos da morte” e que conseguiu fazer com que o ex-ditador chileno Augusto Pinochet passasse uns maus bocados em Londres, Garzón está recebendo apoio de muita gente importante em seu país e no exterior.

 Além de sites que convocam manifestações, grupos no Facebook e no Twitter, o juiz conta com um verdadeiro exército de artistas e intelectuais, que o defendem e cobram uma revisão de seu caso.

 Entre os nomes célebres que vieram a público estão o cineasta Pedro Almodóvar (“Tudo sobre Minha Mãe) e o escritor Manuel Rivas (“La Lengua de las Mariposas”).

 Nos últimos meses, foram vários os protestos de rua, que incluíram gente como os atores Juan Diego Botto e Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, e que evocaram poemas de Federico García Lorca, Rafael Alberti e Antonio Machado.

 Também um filme realizado de modo coletivo entre familiares de vítimas e gente das artes vem sendo divulgado pela internet desde que começaram os julgamentos.

 

 No vídeo, são contadas em primeira pessoa histórias de pessoas mortas pelo regime franquista (1936-1975).

 Já cineasta catalã Isabel Coixet ganhou, neste ano, o prêmio Goya de melhor documentário por “Escuchando al Juez Garzón”. No filme, o magistrado responde perguntas sobre suas causas famosas e defende-se dos processos movidos contra ele.

 “Nesse país, nenhum criminoso é tratado do modo como trataram Garzón. É uma vergonha. Fiquei muito revoltada e quis dar a voz a ele”, contou Coixet em entrevista à Folha.

 A diretora acha que o caso revela um problema fundamental de relação dos espanhóis com sua história. “Por mais erros que Garzón tenha cometido, sua suspensão está relacionada ao fato de sermos um país dividido em dois e de não aceitarmos discutir nosso passado”, diz.

 O encontro mais gratificante que tive em Madri foi com o historiador irlandês Ian Gibson. Trata-se do mais importante hispanista radicado no país. Gibson estudou largamente a vida do poeta Federico García Lorca (1898-1936), morto pelo franquismo. O corpo de Lorca jamais foi encontrado, e Garzón era um dos que estavam ajudando a busca-lo.

 Gibson também se dedicou ao pintor Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) e agora está escrevendo sobre o cineasta Luis Buñuel (1900-1983).

 Leia abaixo alguns trechos da conversa, que aconteceu no charmoso bairro madrilenho de Lavapíes, onde misturam-se imigrantes do mundo árabe, latino-americanos e locais. Desde os anos 80, é aí que Gibson vive.

 Folha – Por que Garzón foi condenado?

 Ian Gibson – Existe uma Espanha que se crê pura, ocidental e cristã. É a direita desde sempre. Da época da expulsão dos árabes (que terminou em 1492), passando pela ditadura franquista até a suspensão de Garzón, é o mesmo pensamento, o de excluir a voz oposta. Fingiram que o perdoaram no caso do franquismo, para pegá-lo nesse outro.

 Folha – Começou com a reconquista, então?

 Gibson – Antes de tudo, esse termo é extremamente errado e devia ser abolido de uma vez. Os árabes estavam há séculos nesse país. E dominavam muitas áreas, da ciência ao comércio. Eles foram expulsos de modo brutal e injusto, depois de terem se misturado tanto e transformado a cultura local. Os espanhóis devem a eles conhecimento, palavras e até o nome desta cidade, “Madrid”. A expulsão dos árabes do território espanhol não foi uma reconquista, foi um grande crime de lesa-humanidade.

 A direita católica diz que todo o período árabe foi uma usurpação, como se existisse algo que fosse a “essência espanhola”, que não poderia mesclar-se. Isso é errado, e a cidade, hoje, que tem habitantes de países árabes e latino-americanos, demonstra que seu sonho é impossível. Madri é uma cidade cosmopolita, eles gostem ou não.

 Folha – O sr. acha que os crimes do franquismo devem ser julgados ainda? Não passou muito tempo já?

 Gibson – Acho que devem, não é certo esquecer os mortos. Não é certo que tenhamos tantos monumentos em homenagem a franquistas, e ninguém diga nada. O Valle de los Caídos (onde estão os restos de Franco e de falangistas) é uma vergonha. Franco está enterrado debaixo de uma cruz cristã, enquanto cerca de 150 mil vítimas do franquismo estão, em sua maioria, em fossas sem identificação por toda a Espanha. Não há possibilidade de esse país amadurecer enquanto não acertar contas com esse seu passado.

 Folha – O que impede de questionar a validade desses monumentos?

 Gibson – Em primeiro lugar, o medo das pessoas. Em segundo, um conjunto de leis estúpidas. Por exemplo, há uma que diz que, se um monumento fascista tem valor artístico, não pode ser destruído. Em Granada, há uma estátua de Primo de Rivera (criador da Falange). É um horror de monumento, mas ninguém admite. A prefeitura organizou uma comissão para discutir o que fazer com ela. E essa comissão chegou à conclusão de que a estátua é linda!!! Tenha paciência.

 Folha – E o cadáver de Lorca? Já se procurou em alguns lugares, e nada. O sr. sabe onde está?

 Gibson – Tenho certeza de que está perto de onde procuraram recentemente, nos arredores de Granada (Andaluzia). Mas encontra-lo ficou cada vez mais difícil.

 Folha –Pelo fato de o juiz Garzón já não estar mais?

 Gibson – Sim, e porque sua saída vai inibir todos os que quiserem ajudar a procurar. Encontrar Lorca, hoje, seria expor toda a crueldade e os horrores da guerra. Há muita gente que não deseja isso. Ele era gay e era revolucionário. Foi o maior poeta que esse país já teve, mas não tem a aprovação de todos os seus conterrâneos. Até hoje é uma memória incômoda.

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